Details of Grant 

EPSRC Reference:	EP/M017281/2
Title:	Operator asymptotics, a new approach to length-scale interactions in metamaterials.
Principal Investigator:	Cooper, Dr SAL
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Department:	Mathematical Sciences
Organisation:	Durham, University of
Scheme:	EPSRC Fellowship
Starts:	01 July 2017	Ends:	30 June 2018	Value (£):	69,129
EPSRC Research Topic Classifications:	Continuum Mechanics Mathematical Analysis Non-linear Systems Mathematics
EPSRC Industrial Sector Classifications:	No relevance to Underpinning Sectors
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Summary on Grant Application Form
Many real-world phenomena, such as the spread of disease or the fluctuations of stock prices, can be understood and predicted by mathematics. This is achieved by building a model, written in mathematical language, that is simple to use yet contains all the essential information required to describe the system in question. For example, imagine we wanted to model the formation of sand dunes in a desert by using the information about each individual grain of sand. This would produce a model too complicated to understand and impossible to use. Yet, to build a successful model it suffices to exploit the fact that on the scale of a dune length that is much larger than an individual grain, sand appears to behave like a continuous medium. In this example, the mathematical model addresses the phenomenon in question by focusing on a single scale, the length scale of the individual dunes. To put it another way, the essential behaviour of the system on the scale in question (length of a dune) is not dictated by the behaviour on finer scale (size of a grain). This however is not the case for many phenomena of great significance today, for example protein folding, catalytic processes or corrosion of metals, where the essential underlying behaviour spans a wide range of length and time scales. As an illustrative example let us consider a typical Long bone in the body, whose primary function is to provide structural support under mechanical load. A particular phenomenon within Long bone is that its composition can change due to mechanical stresses applied over long time scales. This is achieved by the remodelling of bone to form patterns that are the most resistive and supportive to the changes in mechanical stress. This process begins with the mechanical load stimulating protein translation; the formed proteins then aid in the formation of vesicles and transporter molecules which finally deposit the minerals that form the bone. The complexity of the above explanation shows that for a mathematical model to successfully address the dynamical properties of bone it must include hierarchical behaviour that spans many time and length scales. This illustrates the fact that the simplest models of multi-scale phenomena are incredibly complicated and too difficult to use. The objective we face is to derive effective macroscopic models from complicated multi-scale models. This is where 'multi-scale analysis' and in particular the proposal comes in. The project will develop new tools in the study of multi-scale models in material sciences, with a focus on a new class of artificial materials called "metamaterials". The role of these tools will be to extract macroscopic properties from multi-scale models of such materials while preserving the key information about the microscale in order to produce simple and accurate models for metamaterials. To achieve this goal I will cast the multi-scale models in question in the mathematical language of "operators" and by using recent advances in operator theory and multi-scale analysis provide a new analytical approach to describing the dominant behaviour of these operators (and, in turn, their model counterparts) resulting from the interaction of the different scales. The proposal will also make advances in the theory of homogenisation, which is a mathematical method used to find effective models of multi-scale systems. The proposal will exploit new advances in homogenisation theory to analyse a broad class of differential equations that model metamaterials.
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